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  #61  
Old 04-06-2009, 08:29 PM
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Originally Posted by astroron View Post
I don't know if this adds anything to the debate, but did not want to start a new thread with it
Please advise if it it does add to the debate
http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/p.../pr-21-09.html
Thanks Ron,
Yes, it has some relevance.
It does talk about a supermassive black hole at the centre of the Galaxy.
Also, the upper limit of 130 solar masses for a star I think occurs because nuclear forces are greater than gravitational pressure (Eddington limit ) and the star supernovas. It is possible the resulting mass then forms a black hole. Observations haven't shown any stars over 120 solar masses. Steven might know more about this than I do.

regards, Ron.
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Old 05-06-2009, 12:47 AM
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Thanks Ron,
Yes, it has some relevance.
It does talk about a supermassive black hole at the centre of the Galaxy.
Also, the upper limit of 130 solar masses for a star I think occurs because nuclear forces are greater than gravitational pressure (Eddington limit ) and the star supernovas. It is possible the resulting mass then forms a black hole. Observations haven't shown any stars over 120 solar masses. Steven might know more about this than I do.

regards, Ron.
The driving force for nucleur fusion in a star's core is gravitational collapse of the core.

When a helium nucleus is formed in the core by the fusion of hydrogen nuclei, the mass of the helium nucleus is less than the sum total of the hydrogen nuclei. The missing mass is in the form of energy (E=mc^2).
High energy photons or radiation is also produced.

Nucleur fusion produces an outward radiation pressure on the core and prevents further gravitational collapse of the core. (The Eddington limit).

In very massive stars that exceed the Eddington limit, the radiation pressure exceeds gravitational collapse. This can cause the star to blow off it's surface layers. The core remains intact.

This however is not a supernova. Exceeding the Eddington limit is a temporary phenomena. The core continues to fuse nuclei.

Heavier nuclei such as Lithium, are formed in the core and in turn fuse to form even heavier nuclei.

A property of nucleur physics is that it becomes progressively harder to fuse heavier and heavier nuclei as electrostatic repulsion of the nuclei increases due to the number of protons. The amount of energy released during fusion also progressively decreases.

If the core is sufficiently massive it can fuse nuclei up to Iron.
Once the core is made up of Iron nuclei the results are catastrophic.

The fusion of Iron nuclei no longer provides any energy and cannot sustain the outward radiation pressure. Gravitational collapse takes over.

The nucleur force between the nucleons (protons and neutrons) in the core is strongly attractive. A property of the nucleur force is that it becomes strongly repulsive below a critical distance between the nucleons.

This occurs during collapse of the core. The result is that the core rebounds and sends a shockwave through the rest of the star.

The shockwave produces a supernova.

For solar masses 15-20 the core becomes a neutron star.
For solar masses greater than 20 the core collapses into a black hole.

Regards

Steven

Last edited by sjastro; 05-06-2009 at 09:11 AM. Reason: Further Info
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  #63  
Old 05-06-2009, 10:02 AM
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If the core is sufficiently massive it can fuse nuclei up to Iron.
Once the core is made up of Iron nuclei the results are catastrophic.

The fusion of Iron nuclei no longer provides any energy and cannot sustain the outward radiation pressure. Gravitational collapse takes over.

The nucleur force between the nucleons (protons and neutrons) in the core is strongly attractive. A property of the nucleur force is that it becomes strongly repulsive below a critical distance between the nucleons.

This occurs during collapse of the core. The result is that the core rebounds and sends a shockwave through the rest of the star.

The shockwave produces a supernova.

For solar masses 15-20 the core becomes a neutron star.
For solar masses greater than 20 the core collapses into a black hole.

Regards

Steven
Thanks Steven,
Nicely explained.

Regards, Rob
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  #64  
Old 05-06-2009, 12:03 PM
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Alex,

I read your view on push gravity with some interest. It has taken me a while to go over the basis of the theory from other sources.

I've gathered the conclusions of some experts about the theory ...
Maxwell thought that the theory required an enormous expenditure of external power, violating the law of conservation of energy.
Poincare concluded that there were inherent problems with drag and heating in all the Le Sage models. The Earth would basically vaporize.
A flux of neutrinos are mass penetrating but would not be isotropic, as stars are the main sources. The suggestion that the neutrino or a particle like it would work in a quantum field theory of gravitation was disproved by Feynman.

Gravitational shielding in Le Sage's model is a violation of the equivalence principle used in general relativity. Poincare basically stated that Le Sage's model and general relativity were incompatible.

So, my question is what is it about the current model of the Universe that makes this model look at all valid? If general relativity is holding up to scrutiny, you would have to abandon this model.

Regards, Rob.
Thank you Rob for taking the time to familarise yourself with the concept of push gravity.

For the sake of showing I can argue convincingly when all others are of the opposite view I will answer your questions... but please understand the best authority I can offer for my position is that I am always right ..so why should I be wrong when it comes to providing the theory of everything...

Prof Maxwell is entitled to think about the matter whichever way he wishes however I do not think he would have taken the time to really do any sums as it seems as if his reply was dismissive ... of course there is massive energy involved I expect however as I said...the probability of matter interacting with the flow is finite whereas the flow for our purpose could well be considered "infinite"... again I ask how empty is space... once we saw it so but it is not..there are billions..er trillions of particles flying around..why should they contain no energy or opportunity of interaction with "matter"... I feel it is easy to wonder if all these particles transmit any force and easier to conclude that there is a resultant pressure of space.

I feel the Pioneer craft are demonstrating that they are experiencing this pressure (or in their case drag)...before they broke thru the heliospere I said (predicted if you will) that they would slow..NASA thought otherwise..well they appear to have slowed... NASA are perplexed and various ideas have been put forward why they are slowing..leaking fuel etc... but they are behaving upon my morosophic view because space is the way I see it... full of stuff that makes a real presence more so way out there.

I never have been one to bow down simply because someone says they know the answers..History tells us that folk can hold ideas for centuries and yet when their civilation dies and is examined by those who follow the followers can look and wonder how they could stay on the wrong track for so long... AND as presumptuious as it is I say our current ideas on gravity can never be united with all the other forces... I dont know how Maxwell could reason any laws are violated if he did not consider the matter at lenght and with some sums to justify his position...Now it is all right for me to be so casual but not him... A scientis no matter how high up there must not fall victim to off the cuff comment and I believe in that instance he has simply made an off the cuff comment... I hasten to add this is my opinion ..he has his I have mine.
Poinclare raises drag and I say the Pioneer are demonstrating the drag...and the heat we find in the center of our planet is indeed the heat remnat from our particles giving up energy on the way thru..so as to have less energy on their exit providing the imbalance between stuff coming down and stuff going up..our gravity is the imbalance in the flow that has lost energy (thru the planet) and the flow that has not encounted any great degree of matter as it passes thru the atmosphere etc to reach the surface.
Why should the Earth vaporise...particularly when no one bothered to provide sums in evidence (not that I can but if they want to play the game that way folk like me can point out the inadequacy of their approach which I say, in the absence of futher evisence as to what was said and what experiments etc were offerred as back up..) but that is my view on what I know..and I dont know everything ..who does

Feynman was a great scientist, (he is another of my heros as is Dr A which folk may not know.) but he can prove all he likes but given he is more interested in staying within the conventional world od science I ask what other direction would he take... and I dont know how anyone can think they know the answers and on the basis of their current knowledge say they can establish this or that to be right or wrong... look at the nimbers that are play the complexities and ask is any human really capable of getting it right...apart from me of course I do not think anything must be set in stone ..look at how things and views change on matters one could say will never alter... however I will look carefully at what he said when I get back into this stuff... I am not focused on gravity these days.

I dont know why folk think that approaching gravity via the notion that a man in a lift can offer the key to understanding... why should this be so..seems that man thinks a little too highly offself to think the theory of everything can be born from such a strange observation that a man in a lift and measurement of the foirces at play will give a view on how it will be "all over"... I see it like working out what a horse can do by comparing it with other forms of transport... I have never found the 11 field equations which if I did physics would be the first thing you do I expect but suspect that T got into GR from the formula for acceleration due to the lift comparrison... I dont know and long to find out one day... still I say this I do not think the principle of equivalance is really a scientific approach to the matter... I think the great man himself called it a mind exercise which indicated to me that appraoch has little input from observation but came from the imagination...not that that is a bad thing as I say that is exactly what I am doing... and in fact I draw from reasonable observations to feed my imagination.

Why select the push model over the current model ... well firstly the most compeling reason is...because I never back a losser

In the Push Gravity Universe I can unite the forces...gravity with electricity... gravity with the atomic forces... in my view of course with no evidence etc but I do reckon it sounds reasonable.
The elves and sprites are visual evidence of the flow as it 'runs" into our Earth... the particles of the flow manifest as electrical disturbances.. they are "overflow" and a cloud interferes with the flow to get lightning in the same way a wire in a genny interferes with the flow to produce an electric current... magnetism is flow forced upon an alternative route because of interference (as with the Earths magnetic field) .... momentum again flow trapped by a moving object...

anywyas I can offer a relationship at this casual level as to how everything fits together... again my view.. I dont care if folk cant see it or if they think I am off the mark as it is my idea my opinion...

I dont see a problem in fitting GR into push gravity...the flow is what causes the space time grid to "bend" and I have no difficulty in making the two good friends

Thanks again for your interest gravity is the most exciting subject one can consider as it is the machine that drives everything.
I hope my post is readable I have no time to re read it
have a great day

alex
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  #65  
Old 05-06-2009, 12:35 PM
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The answer is simple: absolutely nothing.
We went through this discussion before.. last year or earlier this year, if I remember correctly.
(we called those elusive particles "pu****rons".. "pushi-trons" or "pusitrons" .. It seems there is some automatic censorship in place here ).. And with the same points and conclusions at the end.

As Alex said in his last post:




We all should take effort to remember those explanations, to avoid going through all this again in the future
Otherwise, one day Steven may stop bothering to continue giving explanations any more
Hi Bojan... I am sorry I though I had convinced you of the merit of the push universe and now you say you are still unconvinced look all I can say is keep at it and it will become clear in time.

The good news is as I learn more about general relativity the more I can see it can assist the push universe so the more detailed the explanations the easier it is to move forward

I had given up on it but I can not resist having a chat about this stuff when it comes before me...and I would like to think on the positive that if nothing more my ramblings may create interest in not only push gravity but in GR and physics generally...as there will be some who feel they can offer reasoins why it can not work...

I hope Steven does not get tired of explaning things or anyone for that matter because it is not only us who reads this stuff and I see no harm in doing anything that may make the subect interesting to folk who have never given any thought to GR or gravity etc.

Steven not only is communicating to me matters of interest but to many others who wonder "what the heck is space time anyways".

There is a problem as the forces have not been united and until they are I feel any aspect of the current thinking can be looked at.

It is not as though I am trying to force folk to accept there is a God...a given to many... or that the stars influence our destiny... I am only trying to point out an approach that I really believes has merit... if it has none it will die and things like the Pioneer craft behaviour will be put down to other matters... I dont anyone has put forward time dialation for the Pioneer for example and I would have thought if GR rules (or is that special relativity?)it could well explain the matter...after all what we see may be the time dialoation? thing at play..and that will suit GR.

But please dont let me get to you because I wont lie down on this matter...
the reason destiny has selected me to carry push gravity forward it because destiny recognises that the bearer of the news will have to be tuff and not give a dam about others saying his views are wrong...and that someone is me... as you can see I am not intimidated by the great minds of history... they were men also ...capable of wonderous insites and also capable of error... if I am wrong or right it matters not what matters is that I think and have the courage to express my views...which I hope could be seen as a virtue not a probelm.

So good to have you on board with this one Bojan I am excited that you could not resist posting given your past frustration with the matters I raise.

alex
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  #66  
Old 05-06-2009, 12:48 PM
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I am sorry if I "sounded" a bit jerky.. my intention was actually to add some humour to this discussion (Alex should remember.. :-) )

There is absolutely no harm in starting threads with those mind-blowing subjects :-)
I apologise if I offended anyone with my remark, really.
Well I saw it as humour.
No one should get offended by anothers view and input but should thank the poster for taking time to post...

It is obvious we all like the subject matter and without someone to offer a differnet view or someone to have a misconception that can be corrected....there would be no point as everyone could sit in silent contentment that all is known and all is understood...and maybe we still have things to learn about the Universe... we have not been long at considering how space works or in fact that it was relevant to anything really...but space is everything...
alex
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  #67  
Old 05-06-2009, 03:43 PM
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Originally Posted by xelasnave View Post

Thanks again for your interest gravity is the most exciting subject one can consider as it is the machine that drives everything.
I hope my post is readable I have no time to re read it
have a great day

alex
Alex,
Thanks for your lengthy reply. I can see you are passionate supporter of push gravity and that you're not going to budge from this viewpoint easily!

Jason, sorry about the digression but I guess in some ways it's all related to gravity. Back to Black Holes.

Regards, Rob
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Old 05-06-2009, 06:07 PM
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Rob I started on the push concept (unfortunately before I knew about LeSage) as a result of not being able to come up with a mechanism as to how attraction could work... to me it seemed that there would be a message out and a message back to communicate gravity by attraction (or any attraction for that matter) and finally thought the message must be one way (push)... I still have no idea how attraction works so to a degree push won by default.

Believe me I do have an open mind but cant roll over if I see nothing that convinces me that attraction is a force and not just a boy girl thing... I think we assume too much... we see two bodies moving toward each other we call it attraction and yet as far as I know no experiment has ever be carried out to establish there is such a force.
I believe the casimer effect demonstrats push yet other see it as attraction... folk see a plus symbol and a negative symbol and automatically say each will attract the other but I feel their minds have not engaged the difficulty that attraction faces... anyways I did not wake up simply one morning and invent all this. IT has come from a fair degree of thought without taking anything known to date as a given.
There are plenty of folk developing ideas via GR it would be sad if the alternative go no air play.




Getting back to black holes we have tended to focus upon the aspect of a mass so compact that we have a body has so much gravity nothing can escape (other than the message of gravity of course) but the aspect of what happens to time is perhaps the most interesting aspect... GR I think says it must stand still...now I dont know how this can be ..the sums dictate such I beleive but I wonder how can such be so... that aspect seems so strange... I raise it as it has not been mentioned as yet.

alex
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  #69  
Old 05-06-2009, 06:32 PM
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again I ask how empty is space... once we saw it so but it is not..there are billions..er trillions of particles flying around..why should they contain no energy or opportunity of interaction with "matter"... I feel it is easy to wonder if all these particles transmit any force and easier to conclude that there is a resultant pressure of space.

I feel the Pioneer craft are demonstrating that they are experiencing this pressure (or in their case drag)...before they broke thru the heliospere I said (predicted if you will) that they would slow..NASA thought otherwise..well they appear to have slowed... NASA are perplexed and various ideas have been put forward why they are slowing..leaking fuel etc... but they are behaving upon my morosophic view because space is the way I see it... full of stuff that makes a real presence more so way out there.
This is interesting, I have just come accross the idea that something out there is causing everything to spin, Two Galaxy's close together seem to effect each others spin? any comments on that?
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Old 05-06-2009, 07:05 PM
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Originally Posted by xelasnave View Post

Getting back to black holes we have tended to focus upon the aspect of a mass so compact that we have a body has so much gravity nothing can escape (other than the message of gravity of course) but the aspect of what happens to time is perhaps the most interesting aspect... GR I think says it must stand still...now I dont know how this can be ..the sums dictate such I beleive but I wonder how can such be so... that aspect seems so strange... I raise it as it has not been mentioned as yet.

alex
My understanding was that time slows at the EH, it does not stop. It only appears to stop from a distant observation. I think...
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Old 05-06-2009, 09:31 PM
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My understanding was that time slows at the EH, it does not stop. It only appears to stop from a distant observation. I think...
I think an observer A at the EH would see their clock tick normally but a distant observer B would see observer A's clock to have stopped. This is assuming gravitational forces haven't ripped observer A to pieces. Once inside the EH, time no longer has any relevance.
I'm speculating here, but in terms of an accretion disk, the outer part of the disk would appear quite active but the inner part appear quite inert. Anyone know enough for a yea/nay to this guess. From what I've read, for a spinning black hole an accretion disk would appear to wobble due to frame-dragging.

Rob
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Old 05-06-2009, 09:55 PM
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This is interesting, I have just come accross the idea that something out there is causing everything to spin, Two Galaxy's close together seem to effect each others spin? any comments on that?
I suspect that spin happens because the message of gravity (WHICHEVER WAY YOU PERCIEVE IT TO BE MESSAGED) sorry hit caps... is limited to the speed of light..so bodies relate to each other on a delay... or put another way bodies are relating to each other on the basis each is where they were some time ago..in the case of our Sun to us we have approx an 8 minute delay so we are always playing a catch up game and as such this is not a stable or static situation... spin would result from the catch up game everything plays with each other be it at atomic levels or on the scale of galactic relationships..
alex
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Old 05-06-2009, 10:09 PM
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I suspect that spin happens because the message of gravity (WHICHEVER WAY YOU PERCIEVE IT TO BE MESSAGED) sorry hit caps... is limited to the speed of light..so bodies relate to each other on a delay... or put another way bodies are relating to each other on the basis each is where they were some time ago..in the case of our Sun to us we have approx an 8 minute delay so we are always playing a catch up game and as such this is not a stable or static situation... spin would result from the catch up game everything plays with each other be it at atomic levels or on the scale of galactic relationships..
alex
I was thinking that this spin may be the proof i need to convince myself that dark matter existed. And that in turn would be why patterns exist in galaxy formations. Just like sand on the beach forms patterns as the waves wash over it. Only in this situation we cannot see the water.
I have also heard that after about a week without sleep one may experience hallucinations could this be how astronomers come up with these theory's?

Jas
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Old 05-06-2009, 10:17 PM
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My understanding was that time slows at the EH, it does not stop. It only appears to stop from a distant observation. I think...
I think the observations expected at the event horizon are one thing (and we have the never ending story ..or our observation will be eternal because of the problem of light escaping...however the sums say upon my understanding that time really stops in a black hole..what this means I have no idea but the wonderful thing about the sums is the interesting things one can extend the sums to include namely time... and as I say the sums tell us that in a black hole time stops GR either says it stops or not.. I am sure that is what is says so either I have it wrong or that is the way of it... I have seen comentary from true believers that one can expect to be able to time travell using the science relating to black holes... ticks me off but that sort of stuff is out there and not on crack pot sites but put forward by legit folks..have a look around the science daily site or the like and you will find an article along those lines... fits into the same box as worm holes..crap from extrapolation of the sums I feel.

still we need to make physics exciting so we grasp at such nonsence maybe.

To get a worm hole simply fold the space time grid as if it were a sheet of paper (which is what these notions are drawn upon) and we can connect one part of space to another... thats ok but what happens to the other sides of the universe .. the universe can not be folded like the paper that these ideas are drawn upon...

I dont care how sophisticated these ideas are they do not add up and because most folk have little idea they bow to these crazy notions as representing legitimate science... GR got up..ie took the noble peace prize with no observation or experiment and I question such an approach.. and although it has merit it can not extrapolate notions that we can bend space so as to connect unrelated parts of the universe as easily as folding a sheet of paper..but if paper is all you have ever worked with such a notion seems reasonable but for me the universe is more complex than 2d.

alex
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Old 05-06-2009, 10:18 PM
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This is interesting, I have just come accross the idea that something out there is causing everything to spin, Two Galaxy's close together seem to effect each others spin? any comments on that?
By everything, I assume you mean astronomical objects such as moons, planets, stars and galaxies that spin (rotate) about an axis.
In the Universe, gases and particles eventually accrete under gravitation but are moving through space due to expansion. My understanding is that, as matter accretes and centralizes, angular momentum increases i.e. the object spins faster. Why an object spins about an axis in preference to another probably depends on other local massive objects e.g. the planets tend to spin in an axis roughly perpendicular to their orbit about the Sun (forget Uranus). Similarly for our Moon about the Earth.
I'm not sure whether all stars spin nor whether all black holes do. Certainly, the Milky Way spins, its period being about 220 million years, as do all other spiral galaxies. I would assume elliptical galaxies rotate but can't confirm this.
Two galaxies close together would affect each others spin due to the gravitational drag of stars in each galaxy at the closer points of each disk. I would assume the drag would be greater if the galaxies were rotating in the same direction. Mind you, if they were close enough together, perimeter stars would probably be ripped from their normal orbits about each galaxy.

Regards, Rob
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Old 05-06-2009, 10:27 PM
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By everything, I assume you mean astronomical objects such as moons, planets, stars and galaxies that spin (rotate) about an axis.
In the Universe, gases and particles eventually accrete under gravitation but are moving through space due to expansion. My understanding is that, as matter accretes and centralizes, angular momentum increases i.e. the object spins faster. Why an object spins about an axis in preference to another probably depends on other local massive objects e.g. the planets tend to spin in an axis roughly perpendicular to their orbit about the Sun (forget Uranus). Similarly for our Moon about the Earth.
I'm not sure whether all stars spin nor whether all black holes do. Certainly, the Milky Way spins, its period being about 220 million years, as do all other spiral galaxies. I would assume elliptical galaxies rotate but can't confirm this.
Two galaxies close together would affect each others spin due to the gravitational drag of stars in each galaxy at the closer points of each disk. I would assume the drag would be greater if the galaxies were rotating in the same direction. Mind you, if they were close enough together, perimeter stars would probably be ripped from their normal orbits about each galaxy.

Regards, Rob
But didn't we already affirm that the great distance involved means that gravity would not be strong enough to pass the spin from one galaxy to another, I'm not sure of the name but there also exist particles which can become paired and even when separated by great distance will mimic each other. To me this suggests that something else is at play here.
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Old 05-06-2009, 10:33 PM
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I was thinking that this spin may be the proof i need to convince myself that dark matter existed. And that in turn would be why patterns exist in galaxy formations. Just like sand on the beach forms patterns as the waves wash over it. Only in this situation we cannot see the water.
I have also heard that after about a week without sleep one may experience hallucinations could this be how astronomers come up with these theory's?

Jas
All my views have been born from extreme torment and cabin madness...beening able to sit for weeks on end with no one to talk to in the bush for weeks the mind is not nessisarily trustworthy and I admit that is where I come from..still I bet I have devoted more time to this than anyone on the planet....
Dark matter is crap... it is needed only because attraction dictates it..push does not need a universe with 90% unseen stuff or unexplained energy... Dark matter is born from the necissity to explain why the outter stars in the galaxy move faster than our sums tell us ..well our sums work upon the notion of attraction if you substitue push the dark matter is not needed... the interesting thing is you can add as much dark matter as you like but the more you add the greater the problem because more exterior matter only will make the stars go faster and faster ..ther eis no point of equilibriam .. so I doubt if the math actually will support the notion... but who has actually worked out how much dark matter you need ...have a look at the stuff on this...it is presented as if space time bends around the mass where as even GR says the opposite..folk have followed the poor example )ball in a blanket wrap around thing) and this is not what GR says... it takes very little to see what I point to but there are none so blind as those who refuse to see... have a look at the 3d maps of dark matter and see if you can see the fundamental flaw .... not hard really...

alex
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  #78  
Old 05-06-2009, 10:43 PM
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Yes i agree that dark matter is crap, but i cannot ignore the patterns i keep talking about, and those dark matter maps give a nice answer as to why things appear to lay in patterns.

PS: I still cannot get over the most basic flaw mankind has come up with, that there must have been a beginning.

Goodnight for now and thanks for overloading my brain again. Its finally clear hear so I'm going home to burn my retinas with moon light.
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  #79  
Old 05-06-2009, 10:44 PM
xelasnave's Avatar
xelasnave
Gravity does not Suck

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When one invikes the inverse square rule one finds on that basis gravitational influence is not all we expect it to be...we have established in this thread that a black hole has very little influence on its host gallaxy ... what gravitational influenece exists between us and m31 for example.... attraction does not seem to cut it but an over all pressure as I suggest via the flow of paricles all over offers an "external" influence which on large scales may not be subject to an inverse square rule.

alex
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  #80  
Old 05-06-2009, 10:58 PM
Enchilada
Enhanced Astronomer

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Quote:
Originally Posted by xelasnave View Post
I suggest via the flow of particles all over offers an "external" influence which on large scales may not be subject to an inverse square rule.
Gravitation works on the inverse square rule. M31 is just influenced on multiple large gravitational sources pulling in different directions. I.e. Forming the independent motions as well! As for other 'unknown' forces, well they are not "gravitation" per se but could be seemingly that way by other invariant different and independently acting forces. Gravitation acts inverse square rule, only the other forces may not!

So I agree with you!

Last edited by Enchilada; 06-06-2009 at 12:11 AM. Reason: Ooops!! Forgot the supportive statement!
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