To get the magnification figure, with my focal length of 1250mm dividing 6.5mm = 192. to get to your 318x, do you have a longer focal length for your 12.5" newt. and what type of barlow?
No. ie: The rule, or way it was done back in the old days was this, as far as seeing conditions are concerned: the Antoniadi scale....'The observer indicates with a roman numeral the quality of the seeing according to the following scale: I-perfect seeing, without a quiver....II-slight undulations, with moments of calm lasting several seconds.....III-moderate seeing, with larger air tremors.....IV-poor seeing, with constant troublesome undulations.....V- very bad seeing, scarecely allowing the making of a rough sketch.....All seen at the EP of course.
Where the scale from 1-10 came from, I have no idea. I only came across it when I joined this forum. I usually stick to the Antoniadi scale.. So the term seeing is directly related to wind/air currents/thermals/atmospheric turbulance etc.
Transparency was never a 'factor' back in my day. My interpretation of this is how much dust/fog/dew etc is in the air.