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Old 21-02-2009, 05:30 PM
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Paddy (Patrick)
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How many comets?

Dear all, I wonder what the thoughts of some of our more learned IISers might be on this question that has bugged me for a while.

From some of my reading, my understanding is that current theories of the formation of the moon involve the Earth being struck by a mars sized object and that the moon formed from the debris and that the heat from this collision would have vaporized all of the Earth's water. The articles that I've read suggest that all of the water we now have came from comets colliding with the Earth.

My queries are 1) How many comets would it take to provide the vast amount of water on this planet? 2) Assuming that the Earth wasn't the only planet to experience this deluge of comets, how many comets would there have been in the early solar system to provide this kind of bombardment of the planets and presumably the Sun.

I'm not really expecting numeric answers, but if the theory is true, its pretty mind boggling. What do others think? Or, have I misunderstood?

Any thoughts appreciated!
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Old 21-02-2009, 06:50 PM
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renormalised (Carl)
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The water you see on the surface of the planet is only a tiny fraction of the total water content of the planet. For comets to have brought all the water to the planet, many many millions of them would've had to impact the Earth over millions of years. I won't go into the details of the why's and wherefores of the competing theories and possible scenarios as to how the water got here and the formation of the inner planets, suffice to say that the answer hasn't really been found yet. There are problems with planetary bulk compositions and the range of temps that may have been found in the inner solar system at the time, as to whether the water was present "native" to the inner solar system or brought in from outside, apart from other factors as well. It was probably a combination of both, but that's yet to be determined with any certainty. However, if you look at the bulk composition of our planet (well, most of it's mass anyway), it sits smack dab in the middle of the siderophilic chondrites in mineral composition. There's also a significant amount of carbonaceous chondrite as well, which is where the water would have come from. The other form of chondrites (siderophilic) tend to be rather dry, usually less than 1% water. What's most important to the formation of the inner planets was the Oxygen to Carbon ratio, which for our solar system is about 6:1 in favour of Oxygen. The inner planets would've been a lot dryer if the ratio had've favoured Carbon. Any water that would've formed then would be locked up in hydrocarbons and the seas on Earth would've probably been petroleum instead of water!!!. As far as your second question goes, there were (and still are) trillions of comets in the solar system. More so back then though, especially in the Kuiper belt and inwards of Jupiter, in the main asteroid belt. Most of the cometary material now resides in the Oort Cloud surrounding the solar system. Much of the material that is presently there once resided in the solar system itself but the gravitational influences of the planets flung much of the debris out into the area where the cloud now is.

Hope that's helped answer some of your questions
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Old 21-02-2009, 07:35 PM
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Just to add to renormalised (hope you don't mind btw). David Jewitt, who discovered the Kuiper Belt in 1992, concluded more recently that the deuterium/hydrogen ratio of 3 large comets in the Kuiper belt does not match that of our oceans. The conclusion is that this is not the likely dominate origin of our water.

Very interestingly he and others at the University of Hawaii believe that Icy Asteroids between Mars and Jupiter were the likely cause. These asteroids are almost indistinguishable between comets. They exhibit a coma like appearance / tail that is believed to be water vapor.
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Old 21-02-2009, 08:08 PM
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renormalised (Carl)
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That's right.....if anything, most of the water probably came out of carbonaceous chondrite meteorites and planetesimals.
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Old 22-02-2009, 04:24 PM
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Paddy (Patrick)
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Thanks for your answers - interesting that the water doesn't seem to match the Kuiper belt comets. The early inner solar system must have been a very busy place!
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Old 22-02-2009, 04:39 PM
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renormalised (Carl)
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Busy wouldn't even come close to describing it!!!. At one stage, there were probably anything upto 200-300 objects the size of the Moon, and that was after most of them were taken up by the major planets. Then you had Mars sized objects....probably 20 or more. Most of those left had either collided with Earth and Venus or been flung out of the solar system. One became Mars, of course.
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Old 22-02-2009, 05:13 PM
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wasyoungonce (Brendan)
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Water on earth:

http://witcombe.sbc.edu/water/physicsearth.html
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