I have a pair of 10x50 Binoculars, this means that it is 10x magnification with a 50 mm aperture. they are not bad at all, through it i can make out;
- craters on the moon
- Jupiter and its 4 galilean moons (only just)
- some cloud in the Orion Nebula, and Carina nebula
- as well as getting a look at many more stars that would otherwise be invisible to the naked eye.
apparently you can make out a few galaxies such as the large and small magellanic clouds, Andromeda (when it is above the horizon) 47 tucanae and a few others, but i have not looked at these.
but as others will say, it is all about what you want to do. if you just want to observe deep sky objects then you want to get the biggest aperture (size of the prime mirror or lens) you can find for your budget. this is usually found in a dob as mentioned before. the issue with a dob is that it will require collimation (aligning of the mirrors) from time to time. if you want to look at the planets and the moon then you want something with a large focal length (means large magnification), probably still best bet is a dob. if you want something portable, you can get a small refractor (lense telescope) for next to nothing e.g.
http://www.bintel.com.au/Telescopes/...oductview.aspx this will enable you to see a lot more detail than Binoculars and they require pretty much no maintenance. I have something similar and it has really helped me to learn the night sky and see some amazing things.
if you are wanting to do long exposure astrophotography then you start getting expensive, needing an equatorial motorised mount. something like this
http://www.bintel.com.au/Telescopes/...oductview.aspx with a lot of time to hone your skills in polar alignment and image processing
unfortunately there so many different applications and making a choice is hard. key terms to remember are
focal ratio or F value is the focal length/the aperture and is a measure of how fast or bright objects appear, smaller f means a brighter object.
focal length, larger focal length means more magnification, having said that, many objects in the sky do not require large magnification and larger focal lengths tend to have higher f values
then there are a variety of scopes and mounts
check out these videos
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9d0292TBMHo
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQB6UnrTEEM
I found them very helpful