Yes, I know one doesn't exist (well not that the general public can access), but I needed to try and work out the suburb a phone number comes from.
Yes, you can google the telephone number, but no good if it is a residential number. So you can google the first four digits followed by a few random sets of 4 numbers and see what hits you get.
But I found this website:-
http://search.findmap.com.au/
If you use the "Phone Number" field and put in the complete phone number, it seems to get a pretty good hit on the suburb.
(But, these days, I believe you can often port your number completely out of its area of origin? So that might defeat this approach.)