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In its simplest, a larger aperture allows you to image at a finer resolution without losing SNR.
If you have a 4” F/5 and an 8” F/5 both of them put the same amount of photons per pixel (using your ASI294). The 8” captures 4x the amount of photons but it has twice the focal length; 4x less photons per pixel. So, you have the same amount of photons per pixel but at twice the resolution; twice the focal length.
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