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Dana,
The questions you raise are associated with the modelling of the star and it's photosphere....
The definative work in this area is "The Observation and Analysis of Stellar Photospheres" by David F Gray.
to quote
""Topics covered include radiation transfer, models of stellar photospheres, spectroscopic equipment,....and techniques for measuring stellar temperatures,radii, surface gravities, chemical composition, veleocity fields and rotation rates""
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