Cheapest insulation is styrofoam it also has the highest delta.
An air gap on your roof is very effective. a few rows of battens and a tarp tacked tautly to it will give you a 5 degree change for next to nowt in cash.
Air flow - remove the heated air. whirlbird, black chimney (this needs to be at least the same height as the shed so not really practical unless it derigs when you open the top for observing.)
Cooling - put the coil for your pool heating on the roof - hot pool, cold observatory.
Evaporative cooling - do the same as above but make some pinholes in the pipe on the roof .... or spray water as a mist from an upwind source.
Forced cooling - air conditioner.(this also dehumidifies until you open the top and get condensation from the dew
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