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There is another effect of the urban sprawl that needs to be considered. When the ground is overed with vegetation, especially tall trees in forest situations, the boundary layer between the moving atmosphere and the ground is buffered by the swaying of the foliage and the general evenness of the treetops. In cities and built up areas that gentle buffering is replaced by hard edged rigid buildings, especially highrise, or buildings with upward sloping roofs, ie the burbs. From how I look at it this would have to increase turbulation in the lower atmosphere as the moving atmosphere traverses these static irregularities
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