Don't know much about raw processing, but colour balance, sharpening, noise reduction and compression are applied to the raw image by the camera after exposure, so that if you are working on the raw image, none of these algorithms have been applied. This means that extra detail and colour that may have been softened or removed by the colour balance/noise reduction and sharpening algorithms will still be there. How you further process raw astro images after that's a mystery to me as well; I'll be interested to know.
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