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For fairly narrow doors (compared to the width)
x = t * t / w
will give a reasonable clearance. (That is determined by applying similar triangles). For very narrow or thick doors this may give too much clearance however, so the precise formula based on Pythagora's theorem is:
x = sqrt(w² + t²) - w
where:
t = thickness
w = width
You need to allow a bit extra to have "clearance" with this formula.
Al.
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