The
Cosmological Principle underpins the Standard Model (which includes BBT). The principle states:
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The two testable structural consequences of the cosmological principle are homogeneity and isotropy. Homogeneity means that the same observational evidence is available to observers at different locations in the universe ("the part of the Universe which we can see is a fair sample"). Isotropy means that the same observational evidence is available by looking in any direction in the universe ("the same physical laws apply throughout"). The principles are distinct but closely related, because a universe that appears isotropic from any two (for a spherical geometry, three) locations must also be homogeneous.
The cosmological principle is consistent with the observed isotropy of the: (i) the celestial distribution of radio galaxies, which are randomly distributed across the entire sky, (ii) the large scale spatial distribution of galaxies, which form a randomly tangled web of clusters and voids up to around 400 megaparsecs in width, (iii) the isotropic distribution of observed red shift in the spectra of distant galaxies, which implies a uniform expansion of space or Hubble flow in all directions, and (iv) the cosmic microwave background radiation, the relict radiation released by the expansion and cooling of the early universe, which is constant in all directions to within 1 part in 100,000.
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In other words, there are direct, measurable observations underpinning the Standard Model and the principles underpinning it. The rock in the pond model, ballon analogy, etc are not supported by any combined direct, observational evidence.
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