With a budget of $500 I can see no real options other than a DSLR and even that may have to be second hand. Using it with an Achromat you may have to also purchase a -V filter. You will also have to purchase a camera adapter to suit the camera you buy. These items are not a huge expense but will add to the overall cost.
Depending on the targets you pick a web cam would be an option but with the small CCD the field of view will be very narrow and focusing and just finding your target will be much harder. The other problem with a webcam is finding one with a long exposure mod done on it. The standard Philips web cam which lent itself to modification is no longer made and can be difficult to find.
A DSLR gives you the added advantage of being able to be used for family happy snaps.
Good luck with your search for a suitable camera. Sticking with a Canon DSLR will make life a lot easier for you as well.
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