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No need to apologise it is entirely possible for D3 to be a rectifier diode for reverse protection as they can handle higher currents. The important thing is that Eric is one step closer to getting it fixed. Zener would need to be 15V for 12V system Although 16V might be better as long as the rest of the cct can handle that sort of ver voltage. Car alternator can go as high as 14.5V so .5V is not much of a cover. I can only assume it is primarily design for general battery operation so a Zener under 23V should be fine. 1N581 is not all the numbers so it is going to be difficult to know the exact replacment zener value is.
I won't be so quick to judge the no fuse in the design. It would be pretty hard to forget it in this design. I retract my advice on not gettting one if needed.
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