Physics governs all that you've listed there Trevor, Unfortunately, the best physicists have been working on understanding all this since the late 1800's.. And as you can imagine, they are still coming up with more questions than answers..
Dark Energy and Dark Matter are a great example. People are trying to tear these theories apart, or figure out how the theories are incorrect, however without these exotic particles in universe, then our understanding of both the universe, and gravity are pretty inaccurate. Gravity controls universal expansion, its speed is a direct result of both the speed at which it was set into motion by the big bang way back when, and the force of gravity upon the matter. Gravity being based on mass, seems to indicate that if the theories on exotic particles like dark matter and dark energy are incorrect, we should be seeing much greater, faster expansion than we are. Clearly, there needs to be more mass in the universe than we are aware of. Even knowing that there is clearly a lot of black holes we're not aware of, and a lot of netron stars etc that do have a lot of mass, and exert a great deal of gravitational force. However, even when allowing for heaps and heaps of these, there is still not enough mass within the universe to have the rate of expansion as it currently is..
There is another problem, if you introduce dark matter and dark energy, then gravity should not be as weaker force as it is. As I mentioned, gravity is governed by mass. if you introduce more mass, there should be a coresponding increase in gravitational presence..
Unless...
How do we all feel about the notion of parallel/alternate universes? the Multivesrse theory?
Lets assume for a moment that gravity is a single constant force divided between, say, 10 different parallel universes. Then, the force of gravity being so week is a lot more understandable. Obviously, the idea of multiple universes, alternate realities and extra dimensions seems a lot like science fiction. Think though, four hundred years ago, the idea that the earth was not the centre of the universe was considered science fiction... the idea of planets orbiting other stars was considered science fiction... Hell, the idea that the Earth revolved around the sun as opposed to the sun revolving around Earth was considered herecy...
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