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Its been a while but I think this is how it went...
Convolution is simply a process to work out the output of a system. If X is the Input and H is the system response than by convolving X with H you get the output Y. If your Stellar Image is Y and the you know the H for your optical system then you can deconvolve and get X. In this case X would be the Image of the object without the affects of the Optical Train.
Usually H is the unkown but an estimate is used. A better way is to acutally work out H, often refered to as Point Spread Function. You can actually get a good Estiamte of H by capturing an Image of a Star or if there is a Star in the field using that as an estimate for H. For Planet Deconvolution it would be good to get a Star in the FOV while Imaging the planet and use the Star's Image as the H to deconvolve.
In a simple way Y = X * H if you know Y and H you can work out X.
Note "*" is a convolution not multiplication there is a difference.
H in Signals and System is referred to as the Response of a System to an Impulse Signal. The Filter response Curves for a Filter is a the Impulse response for that Filter. You could reverse the effect of the filter by deconvolving this response with the Output.
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