G'day, Taffy. It sounds like you're having fun.
1) You most certainly can view the Moon during daylight hours (assuming, of course, that it's up there somewhere and not illuminating Europe). There will be two problems associated with such an exercise: firstly, you will lose contrast and the image will - relative to night viewing - appear washed out; secondly, atmospheric turbulence is usually more prevalent during the day which will/can result in a view similar to trying to look at the Moon through moving water.
If you decide to try it then be extremely careful. Accidentally allowing the Sun to appear at the end of the tube can result in almost instant blindness should you have your eye glued to the eyepiece at the time. Even if you are remote from the 'scope if this happens (for instance, leaving it unattended and the Sun creeping into the field of view) can result in damage to the telescope - particularly the eyepiece.
2) Lots and lots. You will certainly be able to see the two you mentioned. Keep in mind that a lower value of focal length of an eyepiece gives greater 'magnification' but also means that less light hits your retina. This means that low surface brightness objects (e.g. some galaxies) are better viewed using less magnification than they are with high magnification.
3) The adapter is simply a method of using an eyepiece with a 1½" barrel in a focuser designed for a 2" barrel. The differences between the two types I will leave to someone else to explain.
4) It depends on what you mean by 'deeper'. Magnification (as already mentioned) simply means a lower focal length eyepiece. Also mentioned is the trade-off between magnification and light received. Because of this see-saw of light versus image size the detail you can see with a particular eyepiece (regardless of quality of the latter) will vary with the object you are viewing.
5) These aperture reducers are often used when the object you are viewing (e.g. the Sun) are overwhelmingly bright. I am not an astronomical imager, but I believe that many who are use this facility on brighter objects to reduce atmospheric affects on their images and also to eliminate the 'spikes' which often appear around brighter objects within an image. The spikes are caused by the 'spider' which supports the secondary mirror in some telescope designs. The reduced aperture can also be used to house a 'sun filter' by those who wish to view or image the Sun.
6) Yes you can and yes it works. I haven't used the system so I cannot say much beyond that.
7) Many times. Of course it could have been the crook wine I was drinking.
8) Yes. Wind produces turbulence. Turbulence can produce bad seeing. See also 'Jet Stream'.
9) You live in Queensland? Well, I suppose someone has to.
I'll lay you odds on that someone will correct me or, hopefully, expand on my comments.
Cheers