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You are not recalling correctly sorry..... Solutes (salts in this case) do dissolve into their component ions (depending on how soluble of course) - in sodium chlorides case - it dissolves into sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-) - not hydrogen, oxygen etc - to form hydrogen and oxygen from water you must break the covalent bonds between the hydrogen and oxygen - by passing electrons through it (electrolysis), or adding a strong oxidiser (like sodium metal for instance).
Water does exist in an equilibrium where it breaks into hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH-), but only in very small amounts, mostly it exists as H2O.
With carbon dioxide - some is dissolved into the water as CO2, some forms carbonic acid H2CO3 - but the carbon and oxygen are always covalently bound in this case - they don't separate unless a chemical reaction causes them to.
Dissolving sugar into water just gives you dissolved sugar - again not the component hydrogen, carbon and oxygen.
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