I think that you will find that the answer is pretty much in line with your thoughts, Everard. In any field of view there will be stars which are considered to be non-variable and have a standard 'brightness' designation. It's then a simple task to compare the variable star being observed to the known values of the field star 'neighbours'.
In theory.
I doubt though that it's really that simple and suspect that a good deal of self training would be required to attain the level which many visual variable star observers have reached.
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