|
Ice
The Earth's ice is melting rapidly.
* The PIOMAS Arctic Sea Ice Volume, the September trend line, shows an alarming 75% decline since 1979.
* Research based on observations from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellites (2002-2017) and GRACE Follow-On (since 2018 - ) shows that between 2002 and 2021, Greenland shed approximately 280 gigatons of ice per year.
* Satellite observations show that more than 6,100 billion tonnes of ice has melted from mountain glaciers since 1994.
* The GRACE and GRACE-FO data also shows Antarctica has shed approximately 150 gigatons of ice per year since 2002. (1 gigaton = 1 cubic km)
* Melting 1 cubic km of ice is very difficult, it is like heating 1 cubic km of water from 0C to 80C.
* Hydrogen and ammonia exports can, over time, replace thermal coal.
|