Southern Index Catalog Objects

[glenc]

Most of the southern IC objects were discovered by DeLisle Stewart and Royal Frost using a 24" refractor and photography at Arequipa in Peru.
Here are four interesting articles:

In Search of Better Skies: Harvard in Peru
http://www.americanscientist.org/iss...int/issue.aspx (http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/id.3360,y.2000,no.5,content.true,pa ge.1,css.print/issue.aspx)
http://www.americanscientist.org/iss...int/issue.aspx (http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/id.3272,y.2001,no.2,content.true,pa ge.1,css.print/issue.aspx)
http://www.americanscientist.org/iss...int/issue.aspx (http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/id.3274,y.2001,no.5,content.true,pa ge.1,css.print/issue.aspx)
http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/40667008

The attached file lists the people who found IC objects south of declination -25.

[glenc]

DeLisle Stewart discovered 554 IC objects south of declination -25 using a 24" refractor and photography at Arequipa in Peru between 1898 and 1901.
Most of them (537) were galaxies.
7 were in the SMC
5 were in the LMC

The remaining 5 objects were:
IC 2220 a neb in CAR
IC 2631 a neb in CHA
IC 4406 a PN in LUP
IC 4499 a GC in APS
IC 4812 a neb in CRA

These objects and 25 galaxies brighter than or equal to magnitude 12 are shown in the attached file.

Refr http://www.klima-luft.de/steinicke/ngcic/ngcic_e.htm
http://www.klima-luft.de/steinicke/ngcic/persons/stewart.htm

He also found some objects north of declination -25.

[glenc]

Royal Frost discovered 161 new IC objects south of declination -25 using a 24" refractor and photography at Arequipa, Peru in 1903 and 1904.
Most of them (157) were galaxies.

His most notable find was the Running Chicken nebula IC 2944-48.
The attached file lists his galaxies to magnitude 13 and the other 4 objects that he found.

Refr http://www.klima-luft.de/steinicke/ngcic/persons/frost.htm

All also discovered 274 northern objects.

[glenc]

Lewis Swift (1820-1913) discovered 131 new IC objects south of declination -25 using a 16" refractor at Echo Mountain near Pasadena California between 1889 and 1898. All but one (IC 1537) were galaxies. His most southerly object was the magnitude 12.7 galaxy IC 4943 at declination -48.
Swift was an old man at the time and sadly went blind soon after this.
The attached file lists 26 galaxies to magnitude 12.

Refr http://www.klima-luft.de/steinicke/ngcic/persons/swift.htm

'So much for fame!': The Story of Lewis Swift http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996QJRAS..37..683W

[glenc]

Williamina Fleming found 11 IC planetary nebulae south of declination -25.
She discovered them on photographic plates taken at Arequipa with an 8" refractor and a prism between 1893 and 1907.
http://www.klima-luft.de/steinicke/ngcic/persons/fleming.htm
Fleming also found four IC nebulae in the LMC.

The attached file shows all of the 16 IC PN south of dec -25.
The last object in the list, IC 5148-50, was found by Walter Gale from Sydney in 1894 using an 8.5" refractor.
http://www.klima-luft.de/steinicke/ngcic/persons/gale.htm

Four methods were used to find these PN - visual (v), photographic (p) and vs or ps if a prism's spectrum was observed.

Refr http://www.klima-luft.de/steinicke/ngcic/obs_e.htm

[glenc]

Edward Emerson Barnard found 7 IC objects south of declination -25.
http://www.klima-luft.de/steinicke/ngcic/persons/barnard.htm

The attached file lists them.
The large nebula IC 4628 in SCO is the most southerly at declination -40.
See http://www.iceinspace.com.au/forum/showthread.php?t=92960&highlight=4628

[glenc]

"In the basement of a quaintly cramped building on the Harvard University campus, down a set of corkscrew stairs that would make a rollercoaster designer dizzy, the shelves and filing cabinets are spilling over with 100 years of stars. Glass photographic plates shipped from telescopes around the world [including Arequipa] document the Beehive Cluster as it appeared in 1890, or Cepheid variable stars as they looked in 1908.

The glass plates - some 525,000 of them - serve as the only permanent record of the skies as seen by our forebears. But the 150 tonne database represents much more than an archive of astronomical history - it's a potential gold mine for new discoveries, if only scientists could dig through it. With that goal in mind, a small collection of astronomers and archivists is using custom-built technology to bring this enormous data set into the digital age.

When they're finished in three or four years, the archive will consume 1.5 petabytes of storage. Any astronomer with web access can click on a star catalogue and pull up an individual star's light curve, showing how it has brightened or dimmed over time. ...

An LED light source illuminates the plate emulsion in 8-microsecond bursts, and a CCD camera captures 60 overlapping images for each 20 x 25 plate. The final resolution is 11 microns per pixel, or 2,309 dpi - captured in 92 seconds. Put another way, in a minute and a half, the machine generates about the same amount of data as contained on a DVD for a typical hour-and-a-half movie."

http://www.popsci.com.au/science/astronomy/recording-a-century-of-night-skies-through-a-scanner-darkly
http://tdc-www.harvard.edu/plates/
http://hea-www.harvard.edu/DASCH/

[glenc]

The attached file lists 118 IC objects south of declination -25d.
It only includes the 60 galaxies that are brighter than magnitude 12.
It includes all IC clusters and nebulae south of dec -25.

Refr Dr. Wolfgang Steinicke (http://www.klima-luft.de/steinicke/ngcic/ngcic_e.htm)
http://www.klima-luft.de/steinicke/ngcic/ngcic_e.htm

[glenc]

The Arequipa observatory was at http://binged.it/Wt4FrE
See also http://natagri.ufs.ac.za/dl/userfiles/Documents/00001/1087_eng.pdf
for a history of the Boyden Observatory at Arequipa, Peru and Bloemfontein, South Africa.
The Bloemfontein, South Africa observatory is at Maselspoort http://binged.it/SHM5Y7

[glenc]

Francis Leavenworth, Frank Muller and Ormond Stone discovered 19 NGC and 5 IC galaxies south of dec -25 between 1885 and 1889 with a 26" refractor from McCormick Observatory Charlottesville, VA, USA. http://binged.it/RljDfV
Charlottesville is about 2 hours drive (185km) SW of Washington DC.

http://www.klima-luft.de/steinicke/ngcic/persons/leavenworth.htm
http://www.klima-luft.de/steinicke/ngcic/persons/muller.htm
http://www.klima-luft.de/steinicke/ngcic/persons/stone.htm

The brightest galaxy was Stone's NGC 3313 mag 11.4.
The most southerly galaxy was Leavenworth's NGC 7187 at dec -32.8.