David
It's all those years of ski touring and snow camping in the snowy mountains plus some very warm clothes and careful preparation. At these temps, frostbite is the danger. there is no toughing it out, flesh freezes and cells are destroyed.
That said, I did get off the plane in Svalbard in a tee shirt. But it wasn't that cold, only -12C that day.
Inside the accommodations, they had the places over heated - mid 20"s. I was in a tee shirt there but most would keep their big down parkers on. I would break into a sweat if I even left on my thin polar fleece.
Joe