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Changing the aperture changes the depth of field. You'd more likely want to change your shutter speed to compensate for the change in light. Daytime cameras are really not that different to telescopes except the aperture is easily changeable.
I don't understand why you have multiple places to set your aperture (f/number). You only have one set of aperture blades, in the lens, they are controlled from the camera.
My only thought it, is it a Nikon lens with an aperture ring? If that's the case the aperture ring is a throwback to older cameras which didn't have electronic control over the aperture. A modern Nikon camera will REQURIE you to set the lens ring to f/22 or whatever the smallest (in orange) is because it wants to control it electronically. If this is the case it'll show f/EE as the aperture on the camera screen.
Larger aperture numbers (physically smaller iris) means larger depth of field.
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