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I think you need 1 bit for every stop of dynamic range and it looks like even at the highest gain on the ASI 1600 you have 9 stops, so you'd be throwing away data to use 8 bits.
Optimal exposure length will vary wildly depending on your conditions (light pollution, moon phase) and various other factors (mount tracks / guides poorly? shorter is probably better). That said, I think Colin's recommendations would be a good starting point.
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