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Marc,
Larger apertures always gather more light and can show fainter objects.
Large apertures have a higher resolution than smaller apertures.
However, in an imaging set-up the seeing, plate scale and pixel size will definately impact on resolution. (The OP example was 2" seeing which is MUCH larger than the Airy disks, it needs around f25-f30 to image at the Airy disk plate scale, hence this choice for solar, lunar and planetary)
We also have to distinguish between stellar images and extended surface objects. Longer focal lengths favour star images, faster f ratios favour extended objects (In the OP example the focal lengths varied, but not the f ratios)
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